A Q and A with urologist Dr. Ralph Madeb
What is the prostate gland?
The prostate gland is a small, walnut-sized organ located below the bladder and in front of the rectum in men. It plays a crucial role in the male reproductive system.
What is the recommended screening
age for prostate cancer?
For average-risk men, guidelines suggest beginning discussions about prostate cancer screening at age 50. For higher-risk men, those with a family history of prostate cancer or African American men, who are at higher risk, may start discussions earlier, around age 45. Make sure to ask family members if they or any other relative they know had prostate cancer.
How do you screen for prostate cancer?
Screening for prostate cancer typically involves several methods, each with its own benefits and limitations.
1. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This blood test measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland. Elevated levels can indicate prostate cancer, but they can also be caused by other conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis.
2. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): During this physical exam, a healthcare provider inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any irregularities. It’s less sensitive than the PSA test but can sometimes detect abnormalities not picked up by blood tests.
3. Prostate Biopsy: If PSA levels are high or the DRE is abnormal, a prostate biopsy might be recommended. This involves taking small samples of prostate tissue to be examined for cancer cells.
4. MRI : An MRI of the prostate can be used to get a more detailed image of the prostate and surrounding tissues. It’s often used to evaluate the extent of cancer or to guide biopsies. It’s not typically used for initial screening but can be helpful in the diagnostic process.
5. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): This imaging test uses sound waves to create an image of the prostate. It’s often used in conjunction with a biopsy to guide the needle. Like MRI, it’s not usually used for routine screening.
6. Genetic Testing: For men with a family history of prostate cancer or other risk factors, genetic tests can assess susceptibility to prostate cancer.
What are the signs and symptoms
of prostate cancer?
Prostate cancer often develops slowly and might not show symptoms in its early stages. When symptoms do appear, they can vary and may include:
1. Urinary symptoms such as frequent urination (especially at night), weak or interrupted urine flow or painful or burning sensation during urination.
2. Blood in Urine or Semen.
3. Painful ejaculation or pain in the lower back, hips, or pelvis.
4. Sexual Dysfunction such as erectile dysfunction.
5. Other Symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, fatigue or general feeling of being unwell.
In some cases, prostate cancer can spread beyond the prostate gland, leading to additional symptoms such as pain in the bones, swelling in the legs and loss of appetite.
It’s important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by conditions other than cancer, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis. If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms or have concerns about prostate health, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare provider for evaluation and appropriate testing.
How can I reduce my risk
of prostate cancer?
Reducing your risk of prostate cancer involves adopting healthy lifestyle habits and staying informed about your health.
1. Adopt a Healthy Diet:
Eat a Variety of Fruits and Vegetables, Choose Whole Grains, Incorporate Healthy Fats: Opt for sources of omega-3 fatty acids found in fish like salmon, and nuts. Limit saturated and trans fats and consider soy products. Avoid Red and Processed Meat as much as possible.
2. Exercise Regularly:
Regular physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight and can have protective effects against various cancers. Aim for at least 150 minutes a week of moderate intensity (30 minutes a day 5 days a week) or 75 minutes of vigorous activity a week.
3. Maintain a Healthy Weight:
Obesity is associated with a higher risk of aggressive prostate cancer. Adopting a balanced diet and regular exercise can help manage weight.
4. Limit Alcohol Intake:
Alcohol consumption can increase the risk of several cancers, so it’s advisable to limit alcohol intake. If you choose to drink alcohol, keep your cancer risk as low as possible by having no more than a few servings per week.
5. Avoid Smoking:
Smoking is a risk factor for many types of cancer. Quitting smoking or avoiding tobacco use altogether can benefit overall health and reduce cancer risk.
6. Regular Health Screenings:
Discuss with your healthcare provider whether prostate cancer screening is appropriate for you, especially if you have risk factors like a family history of the disease.
7. Know Your Family History:
If you have a family history of prostate cancer, you might be at increased risk. Share this information with your healthcare provider to determine if you need to start screening earlier or follow additional preventive measures.
Call the Morris I. Franco Cancer Center/ Medstar Medical Referral at 718-787-1800 to guide and help you find the right doctor for your prostate screening.
