In our collective experience working with this population in the Jewish community, approximately one-third of pedophiles have a preference for boys, one-third prefer girls, and one-third have no preference. Some pedophiles also have distinct preferences within select age groups. And one predator may abuse dozens or hundreds of children.
What can we — as parents, educators and a community— do to protect and respond to sexual abuse?
Children are sexually victimized because they can be. They are trusting, vulnerable, curious by nature, and usually not suspicious of adults—certainly not of a parent, teacher, counselor or other role model. This can be true of adolescents as well, who can fall prey to sexual abuse even into their mid teens.
Children can be victimized repeatedly because they are often too ashamed or frightened to divulge information to others. They are frightened because the molester has threatened to hurt them or their family members, or frightened that their parents will not believe them or will blame them.
While reliable statistics regarding the prevalence of this problem in the Jewish community are not available, there are a number of protective factors that should lead to a lower incidence. These include our community’s strong emphasis on family closeness, and community support programs that provide assistance for stressed-out parents.
Unfortunately, however, there are powerful risk factors as well. Research studies have found that those most likely to recognize and report abuse are policemen or emergency room doctors, while those least likely to recognize and report abuse are people who come from the same community or religious background as the abused child. It is therefore not surprising that when abuse is suspected among our own, the first response might be denial or a tendency to ignore a reality that is so antithetical to our standards and way of life. This vicious cycle, unfortunately, can inadvertently embolden child molesters.
In the last decade, a number of adolescents and young married people have self-identified and sought treatment for their serious problems with gambling, drugs and alcohol. It is fair to say that as serious as these problems are, they no longer carry the social stigma and social isolation they did just a short few years ago. Not so with sexual abuse—not to the victim or to the perpetrator.
He (95% are male) will almost never voluntarily seek treatment. The fears of retribution, social isolation, physical harm, loss of family, loss of work, along with his sexual proclivities, prevent him from disclosing.
Similarly, victims of sexual abuse, unlike other victims, almost never self-disclose. Abusers gain the child’s loyalty and confidence, and then convince the child that any “bad feelings” are “all your fault.”
A crime victim may report to the police. A victim of domestic violence may seek out a relative, a rabbi, or a mental health professional. A drug user or alcohol binger can often be recognized by a spouse or employer. Not so with a victim of sexual abuse who is embarrassed, who represses, and who, years later, continues to carry the scars of the unresolved trauma of the abuse.
Child molestation is an invasion of the body and brain. The harm is staggering, reaching into nearly all areas of the child’s life:
• Ability to trust others: Children abused by a trusted adult may have difficulty allowing themselves to get close to members of the extended family or adults they come in contact with. Young children may become more clingy and older children may develop a hostile or mistrustful attitude in relating to others.
• Impaired self-concept: Abused children may develop a sense of permanent damage, which may include feelings of shame, self-blame, and a general sense that they are unworthy of love. Some react by gravitating to peer groups dominated by rejected or rebellious children, since they view themselves as not deserving to be in the mainstream.
• Difficulty controlling emotions: Increased irritability or difficulty calming down after becoming upset is frequently seen in these children. Younger children may manifest regressed behaviors such as an increase in whining, tantrums or bed-wetting. Older children may become less compliant or more withdrawn. Feelings of sadness, emptiness and hopelessness may be accompanied by physical complaints such as frequent headaches or stomach aches.
• Academic difficulties: A number of studies have documented higher rates of academic difficulties in abused children. Impaired concentration and motivation are among the contributors to school difficulties.
• Religious crisis: We have found that some children may experience a crisis in faith after their victimization. For adolescents, in particular, it may be very difficult to reconcile religious beliefs with actions by supposedly “religious” adults who act in a hypocritical manner.
Oftentimes a child will keep the abuse a secret for 10 or 20 years. Only when the child becomes an adult does he have the confidence to share his story. In the meantime, he bears a heavy burden.
Beyond all this, many abused children grow up to become abusers themselves.
What can be done to prevent this?
Children must be taught about it honestly. They must be prepared to fend off and respond to sexual advances, nuanced and overt, from persons they know and often trust. Parents need to know that it is not enough to teach children only about being wary of strangers. Sex-abuse prevention techniques have been developed that frame the issue in the context of overall safety, no different than fire safety or water safety, helping children to develop wariness without fear.
The most important thing to do to protect your child is to make sure that he or she will always come to tell the parent immediately if something unusual happens. Every child must know that his parents want him to talk to them. Opening the lines of communication must start very early.
Dr. Susan Schulman, a Jewish pediatrician in Brooklyn, recommends that parents discuss with their children in an age-appropriate fashion: The area that is covered by your bathing suit is your private area. Sometimes when you are little your teacher may help you in the bathroom. That is okay. Other than that, you are not allowed to touch someone else and no one is allowed to touch you in the area covered by your bathing suit. You are not allowed to show anyone and no one is allowed to show you. If anyone does this you can say: “No! My mommy doesn’t let me!” Go away from that person and tell your mommy what happened.
If someone is touching you, hurting you, or making you feel bad, tell me about and I will stop it. Your mommy and daddy love you. We will always love you. Nothing you do will ever take that love away from you. We want to hear about things that happen in school—all the good things and even the bad things that happen. If you have done a bad thing, we may not like what you did, but we will always love you.
If anyone hurts or scares you, you should come and tell mommy or daddy. They might tell you that something terrible will happen if you tell your mommy, but you must still tell us. We are grown ups and we will protect you. I will give you the biggest hug if you tell me about it.
Older children and teenagers need the same reassurance. Tell them that you are there for him/her, and that you always want to hear about their experiences—good and bad. Tell your children you will always love them.
The larger the family, the more important it is that you give a few minutes a day of eye contact and keep the channel of communication open. Ask, “How was your day?” Even if your child doesn’t say much, this communicates that you are interested and available when the need arises.
This line of talk should be gently reinforced periodically with the child. There are many milestones where these conversations can occur naturally, for example, entering preschool, a new school, send off every year to camp, a weekend getaway.
Since the majority of children are molested by people they know, you need to discuss trust in older people and role models. This one person did something bad. Place an emphasis on all the other people who are good, loving and kind.
Speak to your children about exercising care not to be caught in a situation alone. Young people should walk in groups, particularly at night.
It is human nature to shy away from discussing sexual issues with our children when they’re young adults, let alone when they may be 10 or 15 years old. Yet, this is what we need to discuss.
There are various warning signs and red flags to look for in your child who may have been victimized. Dr. Schulman lists five behavior changes that may indicate the child is being subjected to abuse: The child may seem unusually interested in the private areas of the other people’s bodies; the child may draw pictures of hidden body parts; the child may show signs of stress such as sleep problems, appetite changes, behavior changes, tantrums, restart bed-wetting, fears and irritability; the child may become unusually afraid or unusually attached to an adult in his life and/or the child might give verbal hints, or even describe the abuse, to the parent.
If your child exhibits a serious problem that appears to be new, you can consider sexual abuse a possible factor without getting alarmed or overreacting. In seeking out professional help for treatment, go to a mental health professional and ask about his or her specialized training in this area.
Research finds that religion can play a crucial protective role in helping victims find meaning and support, even in the face of cynicism and betrayal. On the other hand, many religious individuals who are victimized by a member of their community experience the additional trauma of feeling abandoned by a religion that they were taught stands against abuse. It is therefore not surprising that a percentage of alienated and rebellious adolescents who “drop out” of active religious observance have a history of being molested.
Identification and treatment can be highly successful as children and adolescents have remarkable resilience. The majority of victims, with proper support, can emerge from the experience strong and healthy.
